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Esperanto phonology
The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, illustrated Esperanto pronunciation by comparing its letters with their equivalents in several major European languages and declaring a principle of "one letter, one sound". Given that the comparison languages were not completely identical, he later advised that the pronunciation of Italian could be considered a model for Esperanto.
With over a century of use, Esperanto has developed a phonological norm, including accepted details of phonetics,〔Burkina, O. (2005): "Rimarkoj pri la prononca normo en Esperanto", ''Lingvaj kaj historiaj analizoj. Aktoj de la 28-a Esperantologia Konferenco en la 90-a Universala Kongreso de Esperanto''〕 phonotactics,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PMEG )〕 and intonation,〔http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/frazmelodio_plena.doc〕 so that it is now possible to speak of proper Esperanto pronunciation and properly formed words independently of the languages originally used to describe Esperanto. This norm diverges only minimally from the original ideal of "one letter, one sound"; that is, it accepts only minor allophonic variation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PMEG )〕
Before Esperanto phonotactics became fixed, foreign words were adopted with spellings that violated the apparent intentions of Zamenhof and the norms that would develop later, such as ''poŭpo'' ('poop deck'), ''ŭato'' ('Watt'), and ''matĉo'' ('sports match').〔These violations were the coining of a new diphthong ''oŭ'', the use of as a "w" at the beginning of a syllable, and the use of geminate consonants outside of compound words.〕 Many of these coinages have proven to be unstable, and have either fallen out of use or been replaced with pronunciations more in keeping with the developing norms, such as ''pobo'' for ''poŭpo'', ''vato'' for ''ŭato'', and ''maĉo'' for ''matĉo''. On the other hand, the word ''jida'' ('Yiddish'), which was also sometimes criticized on phonotactical grounds〔In that ''j'' does not occur before the vowel ''i'' in other words, and this sequence is difficult for many people to pronounce.〕 but had been used by Zamenhof, is well established.
==Inventory==
The οriginal Esperanto lexicon contains 23 consonants, including 4 affricates and one, , which has become rare; and 11 vowels, 5 simple and 6 diphthongs. A few additional sounds in loan words, such as , are not stable.
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